Process of treating ores



L. B. SKINNER.

PROCESS 0F TREATING CRES.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. I0, I9I9.

0/6 CHA RGB Patented Aug. `17, 19210.`

attenua;

PAT

ENi? OFFICE.

LEWIS BArLEY SKINNER, ornENvEn, COLORADO.

PROCESS OF TREATING DRES,`

Specification of Letters Patent.

Continuation of application iiled February 11, 1918, Serial No. 216,594. This application filed February 10, 1919. Serial No. 276,125.

'ing Orcs; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact descrip tion of the invention, such' as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.

Thisinvention relates to processes of treating ores; and it relates more particularly to reverberatoryfurnace treatment of so-ca'lled complex ores containing zinc, usually accompanied by lead, gold and silver, and often carrying some copper. state, such ores may be sulids; or they may be oxidized ores such as silicates, carbonates, sulfates, oxids, etc.; or they may be mixtures ofthese different types. i v

It is a well known fact that the treatment of complex Zinkiferous ores of lthe above character has long been a most difficult problem, and various methods of separating the metal values? both by treatment in a wet way and by smelting, have been heretofore proposed. Some of the proposed methods are unsatisfactory or whollyA impracticable commercially-either because of technical difcally. impossible. Prior tomy invention there have-been some attempts to use'blast furnace methods for the treatment of complex ores but no blast furnace process has proved commercially feasible for this purpose. This method unavoidably involves fiuxing off in the slag a large part of the total zinc. In smelting lead ores, which contain zinc, in lead blast furnaces, itihas been necessary to soselect and balance the ore charge as'to prevent making a slag containing more than 8 per cent. zinc as a maximui., puantitymf because otherwise a substantial zinc reduces with the lead and, is commonly known as orms what at the same time zinc (oxids build out at the cooling part of the furnace shaft forming wall accretions which clog the apparatus,

these conditions soon rendering the'furriae inoperative. About 7 per cent. zincin the l for recovery of the Zinc values.

In their natural lead mush, while ore charge is the maximum permissible'for commercial work in treatingy ores of this character in the leadl blast furnace. Lead metallurgists, therefore, regard complex ores containing .zincy in high quantity as presenting technological difliculties which are serious and so -the custom prevails at the smelters of penalizlng zinc above certain allowable percenta es.

It has een proposed also' to further treat blast furnace and other slags high in zinc But this obviously involves a second ,handling of material with consequent'additionalcost, a fact necessarily inherent in any proposed method mvolvmg treatment in more or less distmct stages or steps.

It is a. principal object of the presentinvention to treat oresI of the character de greater part of the vo'latilizable metal valuesv in the4 ore is recovered as fume, while the precious metals, if present, are for the most part concentrated in a matte with the copper, and the gangue4 or waste material of the' Patented Aug. 17', 1920.

ore is separated asa slagrelatively low in zinc content, that is, ordinarily containing less zinc than slag resulting from the treatment of complex ores in the lead blast -fur- Ivnace heretofore practised to some' extent,

where the high zinc complex ores have to be diluted down with what are known as clean ores so as not to exceed 7 or 8 per cent. zinc in the charge. The slag obtained in the practice of my process is not free from zinc or other valuable metals of the charge treated. It contains in practice. not less than about 3 per cent. zinc, as a rule, in addition process ofthe invention commercially; and

with certain ores particularly high in zinc and lovxT in material remaining behindn in v9E to considerably smaller proportions of lead. "and some copper, where these metals are 1( ore, a slag running per cent.y

thereverberatory, the allowable zinc content of the slag may be higher, evenvso much as 6 to 8 per cent. The ability to reduce the zinc content of the slag to these relatively low proportions, even when operating on ore charges running 15 to 20 per cent: or higher in zinc, makes possible .the successful commercial furnace treatment of complex ores or ore mixtures containing far higher percentages of zinc than has been heretofore permissible in commercial furnace methods; furthermore low zinc ores can also be treated to better advantage in accordance with my novel process.

In a typical embodiment, the process of the present invention comprises mixing complex zinkiferous ores, in more or less naturally or artificially oxidized condition, in such manner as to produce a suitable metallurgical slag, and to this mixture adding carbonaceous reducing material; then subperature.

jecting this charge mixture, which' shouldv and slag, carbon remains iioating on the' molten mass, functioning both as a reductor and a protective agent, and eventually also as a supplemental source of heat.l Such carbon travels along with the slag for some distance toward the tapping end ofthe furnace, being eventually burned off bythe excess of oxygen,vsay 3 to 5l per cent., normally present with Vthe combustion gases running 13 to 15 per cent. vcarbon dioxid. rlhe reducing4 material thus mixed with the charge has primarily the specific function of reducing oxidized zinc and lead (if present) to readily volatilizable forms, both during and after the melting down of the charge.' In the case of zinc, this involves reduction to metallic zinc, a reaction which occurs in `the neighborhood of about 1020Ov C. Zinc l oxid itself is not volatile at the furnace temperatures employed, which may be 1200o C.

to 1300@ C. inl a typical instance, or even` somewhathigher in some cases; but metallic zinc is volatilizable at amuch lower tenu Under the conditions described, therefore, thebulk of the zinc in the charge is volatilized as soon as reduced to metallic condition, passing thence into the atmosphere of the reverberatory chamber, where 'it is-subsequently oxidized by excess oxygen introduced with the ring fuel, or by carextensively to oxidizing conditions.

Ymic reaction between the reducing material l,and the reducible constituents of the charge. 1y

This carbon monoxid oozes upwar through and from the charge mixture as it melts down and formsa protecting blanket of what amounts practicallyto producer gas,

subsequently diffusing into the upper part of the furnace chamber where oxidizing conditions ordinarily prevail andbeing there oxidized to carbon'dioxid. The heat resulting from this oxidation of carbon monoxid to dioxid supplements that due to the combustion of the firing fuel, and with it is radiated downwardly upon the hearth to smelt the charge. Where an excess of reducing material is present in the charge, as is best in actual practice, the carbon not only reacts in Z000 sz'tu within the `charge before melting, but the excess floats on? the lake of slag above the matte after the charge has melted down. Such excess carbon continues to react withv unreduced zinc or non.

ioo

to the action of the reducingrnaterial of the charge mixture, I am enabled to volatilize an unusually high percentageof zinc and lead; or, in other words, to make a commercial success of handling so-called complex ores even of relatively very high` forms a column `of broken material through-r which heated gases pass. All molten material, immediately upon being formed, drains rapidly away from the coke and from 4the still uniuxed pieces of the ore charge. The coke is consumed by the air blast, furnishing the' heat necessary to smelt the charge, in-

vunder reducing conditions,

in procuring commercial results.

stead of serving primarily only as a reducing agent. To operate properly, the large bulk of the material charged into the blast furnace must be oxidized, and the mixture operated upon must besuch as to ,produce an easily fused slag running approximately 30 per cent. silica, 20 per cent. lime, and 30 per cent. iron. The conditions under which the charge is melted down in the blast furnace. therefore differ radically Afrompthose in. the present method where the charge is melted down on a reverberatory hearth and is subjected to protracted heat treatment. The described conditions of blast furnace operation preclude the treatment therein of complex ore charges high in zinc. Numerous attempts have been made to run high zinc ores in blast furnaces, but these have been unsuccessful As the employment of 'relatively high temperatures, 1200o C., or above, is distinctly advisable in the practice of my process, the firing properof the furnace is best effected by thecombustion of a suitable fuel with the aid of preheated combustion air. Most advantageously this is effected by utilizing the intensely hot fume-laden gases passing from'the furnace to preheat the air for combustion.' Broadly speaking, regenerative heating of metallurgical furnaces,

including reverberatory furnaces, is of course old. But' so far as I am aware, the present process is the first to utilize intensely hot furnace gases laden with metalliferous fume to preheat combustion air for firing a furnace, specifically, a reverberatory furnace. The reasons why this has never been donebefore are fairly obvious. In the first place, the use of the Siemens type of regenerator, involving a brick checker-work as't'heheat exchanger means,

` is practically out of the question where fume-laden. gases are concerned, because the checker-work 'would very clogged and-inoperative by reason of fume deposit. 'On the other hand, the double surface hot stove system,` commonly constructed of a metal such as iron which is attacked and destroyed at temperatures even considerably below that of the gases leaving the. furnace in my process; would seem wholly ui'isuited-as a heat exchanger in this connectioin I have discovered, however, that by taking proper precautions, it is entirely possibleto use a double surface heat ex-\ changer of the iron pipe type, and to employ it, with furnace gases at a temperature above even the softening point'of the iron, without destructive action on-the heat exchanger. This is due to a discovery which I have-made that the fumes of the volatile metals under process `of recovery by my method may be condensed on the outer surfaces of the metallic pipes in an amount heat' exchanger.

soon become metal is much more tenacious than to pre- -viously deposited fume. This tenacious. skin of deposited solid material is of relatively low heat conductivity as compared to the much greater heat conductivity of the metal which it protects. By way of illustration let it be assumed that the metal ofthe iron,pipes itself and that the built-on protecting layerof fume is also one inch thick.. If the f uine has, say one-tenth the heat conductivity of the iron, and were the iron to be easily destroyed or burnt' up at .approximately 85 1000o C., and if the fume laden gases have a temperature of say 1300o C., it is evident that by passing cool air through the pipes in the proper quantity, the air will abstract heat rapidly enough' from the iron pipe to 90 keep its temperature materially below the danger point, this danger point being attained only at some locality beyond. the outer surface of the iron pipe and within lthe adherent protecting layer of fume. By

utilizing a sufficient' length of metal pipe. and continuously circulating air therethrough, it is feasible to preheat this air to a temperature of 500CJ or above, without endangering By properly controlling the operating conditions. at first, so that the protective skin of metalliferous fume is co-ndensedy and deposited on the heat exchanger pipes at a vtemperature below the. destructive temperature, the heat may then be rai-sed and operations continued with the furnace gases passing through the heat eX- changer at temperatures well above 1000D C. fore, it is possible to effectively preheat the air for combustion undertheconditions described, and at the samel time to enable operations to be carried on without frequent interruptions for the purpose of freeing the heat exchange elements of collected fume, as would be t'lie` case if brick checker-works were used. A considerable amount of, fume may of course'be deposited from the hot gases as theypass through theheat eigchanger. As stated, after the first deposit of fume on metal there is much-less, tendency for the fume to adhere to the'coated heat exchanger pipes; so-.that the bulk` of f' such fume simply drops to the bottom of through an air cooler -if necessary, and

is one inch in thickness, 3o

the structural integrity of the 100 In accordance with'my discovery, there- 110 rived wholly or in part by partially roast--y ing complex sulfid ores, leaving a relatively small amount of sulfur, but enough to secure a suitable matte fall. Naturally oxidized ores, such as silicious orl carbonate ores high in silica may be, and most desirably are, mixed with the partiallyroasted ,sulfids, which are ordinarily high in the base iron. Where necessary or desirable, lime rock may be mixed in suitable proporv tion with the ore to insure a properly bal- Vzio anced charge. The ore material of the charge consists, therefore, of partially roasted basic sulfids, together with silicious material containing little or no sulfur, the constituents of the charge being so balanced as to secure a proper slag and enough matte to rob the slag constituents of gold and silver. In thecase assumed, the ore may contain about 1 8 per cent. zinc and 8 per cent. lead, together with say 2 per cent. copper, 8 to 10 per cent. sulfur, 20 to 25 per cent. iron, 20 to 25 per cent. silica, and about 2 per cent. lime, the remainder being oxygen, and oxids of aluminum, barium, etc.

With this ore material is mixed enough carbonaceous reducing agent, most desirably fine coal or coke in this instance, to insure a reasonable excess over the amount theoretically necessary to react with the reducible constituents of the ore charged. For an ore of this character it is ordinarily s uficient t0 mix therewith 15 per cent. by weight of fine coal. .It may be stated here that coke or coal low in hydrogen is particularly suited both for mixing with' the ore charge and also for use as firing fuel. A fuel 1 high in moisture or in hydrogen is less deder some conditions, .and .especially where` means other than bag filters or supplemental thereto are employed to collect the fume, other carbonaceous fuels such as certain forms of bituminous pitch and residua of various kinds can be mixed with the ore of the charge to act as reductor material.

While the invention is capable of being carried out in variously arranged systems, and while in particular it need not, in its broader aspects, involve the feature of regenerative heating above referred to, I have illustrated more or less diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, one arrangement of plant which has proved satisfactory in practising the invention. In employing this system, the mixture of ore and reducing material prepared as described is charged from the indicated ore-charging hoppers upon the hearth of the reverberatory furnace 1, which may be of the usual or any preferred type, and is there subjected to an intense smelting heat at a temperature sufficiently high to insure reduction of zinc and leadto volatile forms. As before pointed out, this requires a temperature of above 1020o C., which temperature is the reduction' temperature of zinc oxid to the metal. Lead oxid is volatile at this l-'temperature, and a large part of the lead content of the ore therefore probably passes off 'as lead oxid without undergoing reduction to metallic lead, though for convenience reduction and volatilization of both zinc and lead is hereinafter spoken of. Thelead may be present in the fume as the oxid or sulfate, or both. In practice I find a furnace temperature of from 1200 to 1300o C. to give excellent results with the type of charge here described. Finely powdered coal is preferred as fuel for firing the furnace, the coal being blown into the furnace with a blast of preheated air supplied through pipe 2, which leads from a preheater to be hereinafter more fully described. The charge melts down on the hearth in the manner already described, the zinc and lead constituents of the ore undergoing reduction and being 'volatilized for the most part, and molten matte and slag being formed, all the material on the hearth being substantially shielded throughout from the oxidizing atmosphere prevailing in the upper part ofthe furnace chamber by a blanket of non-oxidizin gases.

Ifor treating 75 tons of ore a day, I have 11-5 Lfound' a reverberatory furnace approximately 65 feet long and 15 feet wide effective. The charge being introduced toward the firing end of the furnace, and finally melting down to furnish a mass of molten matte and slag which may be respectively tapped at points adjacent the other end of the furnace, as shown, the charge undergoes heat treatment under substantially reducing conditions for avperiod of time sufficiently prolongedto insure the desired reactions and separation from the ores of their valuable constituents. With the type of charge and under the operating conditions assumed, the slag tapped from the furnace runs on'. an 13t average about 5 per cent. Zinc, or somewhat less than is obtainable under the most fa'- vorable conditions in blast furnace practice with the ores as charged running only about 7 per cent. zinc, as against 18 to 20 per cent. zinc for the ore treated in accordance with my process. 5 y

The slag produced in the specific example of my process above assumed also contains approximately l'per' cent. lead, 40 per cent. silica, 30 per cent. iron, 5 per cent. alumina, arid 2 per cent. sulfur. rThis particular slag wouldbe considered too refractory for blast furnace practice on account of its high silica content. The slagfall ordinarily represents about 60 per cent. of the original ore charge in carrying out my process as described.

lThe matte obtained contains the bulk of the precious metals and the copper, and in the specific example described, it also contains about 2 per cent. zinc and 8'per cent. lead asan operating average. -The matte fall is approximately 10 per cent. of the ore charge. e

The intensely hot gases and fume escape from the furnace chamberthrough conduit' 5, `which normally discharges through a valve 6 into a heat exchange chamber 7 but where for any reason it is desired *not to pass the gases'through the heat exchanger they may be by-passed through conduit 8 controlled by a valve 9. From thechamber 7 or by-passS, as the case may be, the gases from the furnace ordinarily go through an air cooler or long conduit, as desired, to a f bag house 10, provided'with a plurality of fabric bags 11 into which the gases are discharged and which allow the escape of the products of combustion but retain the condensed metallic fume in the customary manner. Electrical fume precipitation, by the Cottrell method, for example, may be employed in lieu of or as supplemental to bag filtration.

The heat exchanger diagrammatically illustrated in the drawings is most desirably of the double-surface type, that is, a :regeni erative stove throughv which the heating gases always flow by the same conduits and passages and the air which is being heated likewise always follows the same path. In the construction illustrated, the hot furnace gases pass through the body of the heat exf changer chamber; while the air, which may be supplied by a blower 12 by way' of pipe 13, passes through the coils or bends of pipe 14 within the heat exchangeJ chamber. Any

number of these coils may be provided,

their dispositionv and aggregatelength being a function of. the amount of the heat exchange desired. A by-pass 15, controlled by a valve 16, furnishes means for passing part of the air around the heat exchanger, if dei sired, to lower the temperature of thewar for combustion. The pipes 14 are of metal,

iron in the present example; but, assuming the plant 'to have been preliminarily put in running'l condition, said pipes are already covered by a tenacious skin or protective layer of condensed metalliferous fume, as before explained; vand therefore said pipes may be exposed, without danger of destruction, to a temperature well above the destructive temperature for iron. According to one method'of preliminarily effecting this protective coating of the heat exchanger pipes, the furnace may be initially operated at a reduced rate and in such manner that the furnace gases entering the heat exchanger are at a temperature below that de structive toy the iron pipes, opportunity being thus afforded for condensation of the ,necessary amount of fume on the pipes to afford a protecting layer. This having been 4of some kind, the temporary covering means being most desirably of such nature as to disintegrate gradually as the heating-up operation progresses,and to be eventually replaced wholly or in part by the dense metalliferous fume coating 'already described. For example, I may mechanically coat or smear the pipes, especially those at the end of the regeerator nearest the f urnace, with `clay mud; or fire clay sleeves may be dropped over these pipes. The protective layerl provided by the mud coating or the lire clay sleeves, as the case may be, ultimately cracks at the high temperatures involved, and peels off or falls off, but only rather gradually. AThat is, it breaks away progressively in different spots, enabling the iron of the pipes to radiate the heat away from the successively exposed surfaces fast enough-to prevent substantial damage. vIn

the meantime, the exposed surfaces become permanently coated with a dense adherent layer of condensed fume, which eventually replaces part or all of the mechanically applied temporary covering.

The fume collected from the filter bags as well as that which may fall to the bottom of the heat exchanger, may be subjected to any desired refining or separating process for recovery of the lead and Zinc values, but such subsequent treatment forms no part of the present invention.

The utility of the several by-passes dei scribed in providing for control of `the temperatures and ratios of the air for` combustion will be obvious; and where, in th,e claims, have mentioned Ysubjecting the escaping gases or entering air to a certain treatment (aside from the inal step of re-v covering the values from the fume) this should be interpreted as applying to all or part of the air or gases as occasion may demand.

In the specific example above given, the charge is figuredvto form a slagconsisting essentially of iron and silica; but Where commercial -or other conditions are lfavorable and a silica-.iron-lime slagis desired, lime may be added to the charge. Furthermore, the character and analysis of the ore material treated mayv vary Widely from that in the specific example given, the general mode of operation being broadly novel for the smelting or concentration of complex zinkiferous ores Yin particular, and, as to certainfeatures, of ores in general containing bothjvolatile and non-volatile recoverable values.

This application is a continuation of my co-pending application Ser. No. 216,594,

' filed `February 11, 1918.

What I claim is: 1. The process of treating complex zinkiferous ores carrying precious metal values which comprises preparing a mixture of an Aoxidized or'e of the character'speciied with an excess of carbona-ceous reducing maing smaller'percentages of lead and copper, 'l

terial, the mixture containing matte-forming constituents, charging said mixture on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, firing the furnace with suitable fuel and smelting the charge at a furnace temperature of at least about 1200o C. to 'produce molten matte and supernatant slag shielded by a nonoxidizing atmosphere, conducting from the furnace fume resulting from reduction and volatilization of `zinc from the charge, and continuing the heat treatment of said molten mass until slag tapped from the furnace contains not substantially more than about 6 per cent. zinc.

2. The process of treating complex zink- )iferous ores which comprises preparing a charge of oxidized silicious ore of this character sufliciently high in .iron to smelt and containing above 8per cent. zinc, With varyand precious metal values, and enough sulfur to form a matte, mixed with an excess of finely divided` solid carbonaceous reducing material, subjecting said charge on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace to a smelting heat s'uiicient to melt the charge down to `matte and slag While protected by a non- .oxidizing atmosphere resulting from the reducing actlon of sald carbonaceous -materlal on the ore, conducting from the furnace metalliferousfume containing zinc and lead Values. obtaining matte containing copper, lead, and precious metal values, and slag containing not substantially more than e about 6 lper` cent. zinc.

, ,3. The process of treating complex ores. carrying zinc, lead, copper,. andvprec1ous metal values, which' comprisesl mixing oxidized oi'e of the character described with reducing material, the mixture containing sufficlent available sulfur to form a matte,4

smelting the mixture, Without further treatment, on the hearth of are'verberatory furnace, conducting from the furnace the fume v resulting from the reduction and volatilization of zinc and lead, obtaining a matte containing copper and precious metal values, and tapping off molten slag relatively loW 1n zinc.

4. The process of treating complex ores conducting from the furnace the fume resulting from the reduction and volatilization p of zinc and -lead,lobtaining a matte containlng copper and precious metal values, and

tapping off molten slag relatively 10W ill.l

zinc. 5. The process of treating complex zinkiferous ores carrying precious metal values Which comprises mixing suchore in at least partially oxidized condition With an excess of carbonaceous reducing material, the mix- `ture containing a matte-forming metal andsuficientavailable sulfurv for production of matte, smelting the mixture on the hearth of a suitably fired reverberatory furnace to obtain a molten .mass with carbon floating on' its surface, said furnace being fired to give combustion gases which are somewhat oxidizing in character, conducting from the furnace the fume resulting from .the reduction and volatilization of. zinc, and tapping off matte carrying precious metal values andA molten slag relatively low in zinc. y

6. The process of treating complex zlnkiferous ores carrying precious metal values which comprises partially roasting such ore, mixing therewith a reducingI material, the

mixture containing a. matte-formingl metal f and suilicient available sulfur for production of matte, smelting the mixture on the I hearthof a reverberatory furnace to obtain a molten mass with carbon 'floating on its surface, said furnace being fired to givev combustion gases which are somewhat oxidizing in character,fconductin'g. from the furnace the fume resulting from the reduction and volatilization of zinc, and tapping off matte carrying precious metal values and molten slag re atlvely lovvl in z inc.

7. 'The process of smelting more or less oxidized/ores containing volatile and nonvolatile metallic values and sulfur, Which comprises subjecting such an ore, mixed with l an excess of carbonaceous reducing material, to smelting heat under reduclng 'conditions on the hearth 'of a reverberatory furnace 180 containingsulfur and Icarrying zinc, lead,

and other metallic values such as copper, silver andy gold, which comprises mixing naturally oxidized ores and partially roasted sulfid ores of the character described With carbonaceous reducing material, subjecting the mixture to smelting heat under reducing conditions on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, thereby reducing and volatilizing zinc and lead, and obtalning the copper` silver and gold values in the form of a matte, and removing the gangue constituents of the ore as a slag relatively low in metallic values.

9. The process of smelting ores contain- Y ing volatile values Which comprises chargf ing the ore mixed with a reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, the quantity of said reducing agent used being in excess of that necessary to eect the possible reductions in the charge, melting doWn the charge on the hearth by the combustion' of a fuel With a moderate excess of preheated air, reducin the volatile constituents of the ore in situ y said reducing agent, volatilizing said volatile constituents, passing the gaseous products of the furnace throug'h a regenerative stove and thereby preheating air for combustion, and subsequently separating'volatile values froml the gaseous products of combustion.

10. The process of smelting ores containing volatile and non-volatilevalues Which comprises charging the ore mixed With a reducing agent on the hearth of areverberatory furnace, the quantity of said reducing agent used being in excess of that necessary to effect the possible reductions in the' charge, melting down the charge on the hearth by the combustion of a fueLvvith a moderate excess of preheated air, reducing the volatile constituents of the ore n situ l by saidA reducing agent, volatilizing said volatile constituents, passingv the gaseous products of thel furnacethrough a regenerative stove and thereby preheating ai'r for combustion, subsequently separating said volatile values from the gaseous products of combustion, and separating the non-vola'- tile metallic valuesin the form of a matte.

11. The process of smelting complex, zinc` bearing 1ores which comprises charging the ore mixed With an sexcess-of a solid reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, melting doWnthe charge by firing with powdered coal and an excess of preheated air, maintaining a substantially oxygen and carbon-dioxid free atmosphere immediately adjacent the ore, passing the gas' eous products of the reaction through a regenerative stove, subsequently separating 12. The process of smelting ores contain-v ing volatile and nonvolatile values Which comprises charging the ore mixed With an excess of a reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heatingthe furnace by the combustion of a fuel with an excess of preheated air, reducing the volatile constituents of the ore in situ by said reducing agent, volatilizing said volatile constituents, separating said volatile values from the gaseous products of combustion, recovering the non-volatilemetallic'values in the form of a matte, and removing the gangue constituents of the ore as a slag low in volatile values.

' 13. A process of smelting ores containing volatile values comprising charging the ore mixed With a solid reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heating the furnace by the combustion of a fuel With preheated air, reducing the volatile constituents of the ore n situ by said solid reducing agent, volatilizing said volatile constituents, passing the gaseous products 0f the furnace through a regenerative stove and thereby preheating'the air of'combustion, and subsequently separating said volatile values from the gaseous products of generative stove and thereby preheating the air of combustion, subsequently separating said volatile values from the gaseous prod-V xucts of combustion, and separatin the nonvolatile metallic values in the matte.

orm of a 15. A process of smelting ores containing volatile values comprising charging the ore mixed with a solid reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heating the charge by thecombustion of additional fuel low in moisture and hydrogen and thereby driving off said volatile values, passing the gaseous products through a regenerative stove and thereby preheating the air of'combustion, and subsequently recovering -said volatile values in a bag fume arrester. v

16. A processl of smelting ores containing volatile values comprising charging the ore mixed with a solid reducing agent on the` .hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heatlng thereby driving off said volatile values, passing the gaseous products through a regent erative Stove and thereby preheating the air offcombustion, subsequently recovering said volatile values ina bag fume arrester, and

separating the non-volatile Values in the form of matte. l

y 18. A process of smelting ores containing Volatile values` comprising charging the ore mixed 'With a soliol reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heating the charge by the combustion of pulverized coal andthereby driving off said volatile va lues, passing the gaseous products through a regenerative stove and thereby preheating .Vthevair of combustion, subsequently recovering said volatile values ina bag fume arrester, and separating the non-volatile values in the form of matte. u

19. A process of smelting compleX,-fzinc bearing ores consisting, in charging the ore mixed with a solid reducing agent on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, heating said furnace by the combination of powdered coal with preheated air, maintaining a substantially oxygen and carbon-dioiid free atmosphere immediately adjacent the ore, passing the gaseous products of the lieaction through a regenerative stove, subsequently separating the volatile .values from the gaseous products of combustion, removlng the gangue constituents of the ore as a slag, and separatingthe non-volatilevalues in the form of a matte. f

20. A process of smelting ores-containingv volatile and non-volatile values 'comprising charging the ore mixed with a reducing agent on the hearth of a -reverberatory furnace, heating the furnace by the combustion of a fuel with preheated air, reducing the volatile constituents of the ore n situ by said vreducing agent,.volatilizing said volatile constituents, lseparating said v0la,`

tile, values from the gaseous products of combustion, recovering the non-volatile metallic values in the form of a matte, and removing the gangue constituents of the ore as a slag low in volatile values.

4Intestimony .Whereof'I hereunto afIiX my signature.

LEWIS BAILEY SKINNER. 

